Glossary of bill and budget terms

A

Abatement

A reduction or cancellation of a tax, often for a limited time, such as a property tax break for a new business.

Also appears as: abatements, tax abatement, tax abatements

Source: U.S. Census Bureau: Government Finances Glossary (opens in a new tab) (census.gov)

Absentee ballot

A ballot a voter fills out and returns without going to a polling place, usually by mail.

Also appears as: absentee ballots, absentee voting, absentee, mail ballot, mail ballots, vote by mail, mail-in ballot, mail-in ballots

Source: USA.gov: Absentee voting (opens in a new tab) (usa.gov)

Act

A bill that has become law, or the formal name of a bill or law, such as the 'Clean Water Act.'

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Allotment

A part of an approved budget that an agency is allowed to spend during a certain time period.

Also appears as: allotments

Source: Michigan State Budget Office: Glossary of Terms (opens in a new tab) (michigan.gov)

Amend

To change the wording of a bill, law, or constitution.

Also appears as: amends, amending, amended

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Amendment

A change to a bill, a law, or a constitution.

Also appears as: amendments

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Apportionment

Dividing seats in a legislature among areas based on population, such as dividing U.S. House seats among the states.

Also appears as: reapportionment

Source: U.S. Census Bureau: Congressional apportionment (opens in a new tab) (census.gov)

Appropriation

A law that gives a government agency permission to spend a set amount of public money for a specific purpose.

Without an appropriation, agencies generally cannot spend money even if a program exists in law. Appropriations are usually limited to a fiscal year or a two-year budget period.

Also appears as: appropriations, appropriated, appropriating

Source: U.S. Senate: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (senate.gov)

Appropriations act

A bill that sets how much money government agencies may spend, and on what, for a budget period.

Also appears as: appropriations bill, appropriation bill, appropriations bills, budget bill

Source: U.S. GAO: A Glossary of Terms Used in the Federal Budget Process (PDF) (opens in a new tab) (appropriations.senate.gov)

Assessed value

The value a government assigns to a property to calculate its property tax.

Also appears as: assessed values, assessed valuation, assessment ratio

Source: U.S. Census Bureau: Government Finances Glossary (opens in a new tab) (census.gov)

Audit

An independent review of an organization's finances or performance.

Also appears as: audits, performance audit, performance audits

Source: Michigan State Budget Office: Glossary of Terms (opens in a new tab) (michigan.gov)

Authorization

A law that creates or continues a program and allows money to be appropriated for it.

Also appears as: authorizations, authorizing legislation

Source: U.S. Senate: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (senate.gov)

B

Balanced budget

A budget in which planned spending is not more than the money expected to come in.

Most states have a constitutional or legal requirement to balance their operating budget.

Also appears as: balanced budgets

Source: Michigan State Budget Office: Glossary of Terms (opens in a new tab) (michigan.gov)

Ballot measure

Any question placed on the ballot for voters to decide, such as an initiative, referendum, bond, or constitutional amendment.

Also appears as: ballot measures, ballot question, ballot questions, ballot proposition, proposition

Source: Oregon State Legislature: Legislative Glossary (opens in a new tab) (oregonlegislature.gov)

Biennium

A two-year period. Many states pass a budget that covers two years at a time.

Also appears as: biennial budget, bienniums, biennia

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Bill

A proposed law. It must pass the legislature and usually be signed by the governor (or president) to become law.

Also appears as: bills

Source: USA.gov: How laws are made (opens in a new tab) (usa.gov)

Block grant

Federal money given to states or local governments for a broad area, such as community development, with flexibility in how it is spent.

Also appears as: block grants

Source: U.S. HUD: Community Development Block Grant program (opens in a new tab) (hud.gov)

Bond

A way for a government to borrow money. Investors lend money now and are repaid with interest over time.

Bonds often pay for big projects like schools, bridges, and water systems. Some bonds need voter approval.

Also appears as: bonds, bond issue, bond issuance, bond measure, bonds issued, municipal bond, municipal bonds

Source: Investor.gov (U.S. SEC): Municipal bonds (opens in a new tab) (investor.gov)

Budget

A plan for how much money a government expects to collect and how it will spend it over a set period.

Source: Michigan State Budget Office: Glossary of Terms (opens in a new tab) (michigan.gov)

Budget authority

The legal permission Congress gives federal agencies to commit to spending money.

Source: U.S. GAO: A Glossary of Terms Used in the Federal Budget Process (PDF) (opens in a new tab) (appropriations.senate.gov)

C

Campaign finance

The rules about how money is raised and spent to support or oppose candidates and ballot measures, and how it is reported.

Also appears as: campaign contributions, campaign contribution, political contributions

Source: Federal Election Commission: Introduction to campaign finance (opens in a new tab) (fec.gov)

Capital budget

The part of a government budget that pays for long-lasting projects such as buildings, roads, and land.

Capital projects are often paid for with borrowed money (bonds) and repaid over many years.

Also appears as: capital budgets, capital outlay

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Capital improvement

Building or fixing long-lasting public property, such as roads, schools, water systems, or parks.

Also appears as: capital improvements, capital project, capital projects, capital improvement project, capital improvement projects

Source: U.S. Census Bureau: Government Finances Glossary (opens in a new tab) (census.gov)

Caucus

A group of lawmakers who meet together, often members of the same party, or a meeting of such a group.

Also appears as: caucuses

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Charter

A founding document that creates and organizes a city, county, or organization. A charter school is a public school run under a charter agreement.

Also appears as: charters, city charter, county charter, charter school, charter schools

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: Charter (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

Civil penalty

Money a person or business must pay for breaking a rule, imposed outside the criminal system.

Also appears as: civil penalties, civil fine, civil fines

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: Penalty (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

Civil service

The system for hiring and managing government employees based on merit rules rather than political appointment.

Source: U.S. GAO: A Glossary of Terms Used in the Federal Budget Process (PDF) (opens in a new tab) (appropriations.senate.gov)

Code

The organized collection of a state's or the nation's laws, grouped by subject. Bills cite sections of the code they would change, such as 'RCW 82.08.020' in Washington.

Most states organize their laws into a code divided into titles, chapters, and sections. A citation like 'RCW 82.08.020' (Washington), 'Penal Code 187' (California), or '26 U.S.C. 1' (federal) points to one section. Bills list which sections they add, amend, or repeal.

Also appears as: state code, revised code, code references, RCW, U.S.C., United States Code

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Codify

To add a law to the official, organized code of laws.

Also appears as: codified, codifies, codification, codifying

Source: Texas Legislative Council: Texas Legislative Glossary (PDF) (opens in a new tab) (tlc.texas.gov)

Collective bargaining

Negotiation between an employer and a union representing workers about pay, benefits, and working conditions.

Also appears as: collective bargaining agreement, collective bargaining agreements

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: Collective bargaining (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

Committee

A small group of lawmakers that studies bills on certain subjects, holds hearings, and decides which bills move forward.

Also appears as: committees, standing committee, standing committees

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Committee substitute

A new version of a bill written by a committee to replace the original. It covers the same subject but may change many details.

Also appears as: committee substitutes, substitute bill, substitute bills, proposed substitute

Source: Texas Legislative Council: Texas Legislative Glossary (PDF) (opens in a new tab) (tlc.texas.gov)

Concurrent resolution

A measure passed by both chambers on shared matters, such as rules or messages. It does not go to the governor and does not become law.

Also appears as: concurrent resolutions, house concurrent resolution, senate concurrent resolution

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Conference committee

A temporary committee of members from both chambers that works out differences between two versions of a bill.

Also appears as: conference committees

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Consent calendar

A list of bills expected to pass without objection that are voted on together, usually without debate.

Also appears as: consent calendars

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Constitutional amendment

A change to a state or the U.S. constitution. In most states it must be approved by voters.

Also appears as: constitutional amendments, amendment to the constitution, amend the constitution

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Continuing resolution

A temporary spending law that keeps government programs running when the regular budget has not passed on time.

Also appears as: continuing resolutions

Source: U.S. Senate: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (senate.gov)

Cosponsor

A lawmaker who signs on to support a bill introduced by someone else.

Also appears as: cosponsors, co-sponsor, co-sponsors

Source: Texas Legislative Council: Texas Legislative Glossary (PDF) (opens in a new tab) (tlc.texas.gov)

D

Debt limit

The maximum amount the federal government is allowed by law to borrow.

Also appears as: debt ceiling, statutory debt limit

Source: U.S. GAO: A Glossary of Terms Used in the Federal Budget Process (PDF) (opens in a new tab) (appropriations.senate.gov)

Debt service

Payments a government makes on money it has borrowed, including interest and repaying the original amount.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau: Government Finances Glossary (opens in a new tab) (census.gov)

Deduction

An amount that can be subtracted from income before the tax is calculated, which lowers the tax owed.

Also appears as: deductions, tax deduction, tax deductions

Source: IRS: Credits and deductions for individuals (opens in a new tab) (irs.gov)

Deficit

When a government spends more money than it takes in during a budget period.

Also appears as: deficits, budget deficit, budget shortfall, shortfall

Source: U.S. Treasury Fiscal Data: National deficit (opens in a new tab) (fiscaldata.treasury.gov)

Discretionary spending

Government spending that lawmakers decide on each year in budget or appropriations bills.

Source: U.S. GAO: A Glossary of Terms Used in the Federal Budget Process (PDF) (opens in a new tab) (appropriations.senate.gov)

Due process

The constitutional guarantee that the government must follow fair procedures before taking away a person's life, liberty, or property.

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: Due process (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

E

Earmark

Money in a bill set aside for a specific project, place, or organization, often requested by an individual lawmaker.

Also appears as: earmarks, earmarked, community project funding, congressionally directed spending

Source: U.S. GAO: A Glossary of Terms Used in the Federal Budget Process (PDF) (opens in a new tab) (appropriations.senate.gov)

Easement

A legal right to use part of someone else's land for a specific purpose, such as a utility line or a path.

Also appears as: easements

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: Easement (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

Effective date

The date a new law starts to apply.

Also appears as: effective dates, takes effect, take effect

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Emergency clause

A part of a bill that makes it take effect right away, or sooner than usual, once it becomes law.

In some states an emergency clause also means voters cannot petition to put the law on the ballot for a referendum.

Also appears as: emergency clauses, urgency clause, urgency clauses, declaring an emergency, declares an emergency, emergency measure

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Emergency declaration

An official announcement by a governor, the president, or another official that an emergency or disaster exists. It can unlock temporary powers and aid.

Also appears as: emergency declarations, state of emergency, states of emergency, declaration of emergency, disaster declaration, disaster declarations, major disaster declaration

Source: FEMA: How a disaster gets declared (opens in a new tab) (fema.gov)

Eminent domain

The government's power to take private property for public use, as long as it pays fair compensation.

Also appears as: condemnation proceedings

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: Eminent domain (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

Enact

To make a bill into law.

Also appears as: enacts, enacted, enacting, enactment

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Encumbrance

Money set aside to pay for a purchase or contract the government has already committed to.

Also appears as: encumbrances, encumbered

Source: Michigan State Budget Office: Glossary of Terms (opens in a new tab) (michigan.gov)

Engrossed

A bill that has been reprinted with all the amendments passed by the chamber where it started.

Also appears as: engrossed bill, engrossed bills, engrossment

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Enrolled

The final version of a bill passed by both chambers, prepared for the governor's (or president's) signature.

Also appears as: enrolled bill, enrolled bills

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Entitlement

A program that by law must pay benefits to anyone who meets the eligibility rules, such as Social Security.

Also appears as: entitlements, entitlement program, entitlement programs

Source: U.S. GAO: A Glossary of Terms Used in the Federal Budget Process (PDF) (opens in a new tab) (appropriations.senate.gov)

Estate tax

A tax on the property and money a person leaves behind when they die, usually only above a large threshold.

Also appears as: estate taxes

Source: IRS: Estate tax (opens in a new tab) (irs.gov)

Ex post facto

A law that punishes actions taken before the law was passed. The U.S. Constitution bans ex post facto criminal laws.

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: Ex post facto (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

Excise tax

A tax on a specific product or activity, such as fuel, tobacco, or alcohol, often charged per unit.

Also appears as: excise taxes, excise

Source: IRS: Excise tax (opens in a new tab) (irs.gov)

Executive order

A directive issued by a governor or president that tells government agencies how to operate or carry out the law.

Also appears as: executive orders

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: Executive order (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

Exemption

A rule that frees certain people, property, or activities from a tax or another legal requirement.

A tax exemption removes something from being taxed at all. For example, many states exempt groceries from sales tax.

Also appears as: exemptions, tax exemption, tax exemptions, exempt, exempted, exempting

Source: Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts: Property tax exemptions (opens in a new tab) (comptroller.texas.gov)

Expenditure

Money a government spends.

Also appears as: expenditures

Source: Michigan State Budget Office: Glossary of Terms (opens in a new tab) (michigan.gov)

F

Federal funds

Money from the federal government that a state or local government receives, often through grants.

Also appears as: federal funding, federal money

Source: U.S. GAO: A Glossary of Terms Used in the Federal Budget Process (PDF) (opens in a new tab) (appropriations.senate.gov)

Fee

A charge for a specific government service or permission, such as a license, permit, or park entry.

Also appears as: fees, user fee, user fees

Source: U.S. GAO: A Glossary of Terms Used in the Federal Budget Process (PDF) (opens in a new tab) (appropriations.senate.gov)

Felony

A serious crime that can be punished by more than a year in prison.

Also appears as: felonies, felon

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: Felony (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

First reading

The formal introduction of a bill, when it is read by title and usually sent to a committee.

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Fiscal impact

The effect a bill or ballot measure would have on government spending, revenue, or debt.

Also appears as: fiscal impacts

Source: Oregon State Legislature: Legislative Glossary (opens in a new tab) (oregonlegislature.gov)

Fiscal note

An estimate of how much a bill would cost or save state or local governments.

Fiscal notes are usually prepared by state agencies or legislative staff. They estimate costs and revenue effects; they do not say whether a bill is good or bad.

Also appears as: fiscal notes, fiscal impact statement, fiscal impact statements, fiscal analysis

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Fiscal year

The 12-month period a government uses for its budget. Many states run July 1 to June 30; the federal fiscal year starts October 1.

Also appears as: fiscal years

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Formula grant

A grant divided among states or communities by a formula written in law, often based on population or need.

Also appears as: formula grants

Source: Grants.gov: Grant terminology (opens in a new tab) (grants.gov)

Franchise tax

A tax some states charge businesses for the right to operate in the state.

Also appears as: franchise taxes

Source: Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts: Franchise tax (opens in a new tab) (comptroller.texas.gov)

Fuel tax

A tax on each gallon of gasoline, diesel, or other fuel, often used to pay for roads.

Also appears as: fuel taxes, gas tax, gas taxes, motor fuel tax, gasoline tax

Source: IRS: Excise tax (opens in a new tab) (irs.gov)

G

General fund

A government's main account for everyday spending, paid for mostly by taxes that are not set aside for a specific use.

Also appears as: general funds, state general fund

Source: Michigan State Budget Office: Glossary of Terms (opens in a new tab) (michigan.gov)

General obligation bond

A government bond repaid from general tax money, backed by the government's promise to pay.

Also appears as: general obligation bonds, GO bond, GO bonds

Source: U.S. Census Bureau: Government Finances Glossary (opens in a new tab) (census.gov)

Grant

Money given by a government for a specific purpose that usually does not have to be paid back.

Grants come with rules about who can apply and how the money can be used.

Also appears as: grant program, grant programs, grant funding, grant funds, grant fund, grant money, grants program, competitive grant, competitive grants

Source: Grants.gov: Grant terminology (opens in a new tab) (grants.gov)

Gross receipts tax

A tax on a business's total sales or income before costs are subtracted.

Also appears as: gross receipts taxes, gross receipts

Source: U.S. Census Bureau: Government Finances Glossary (opens in a new tab) (census.gov)

H

Hearing

A meeting where a committee hears testimony from the public, experts, and officials about a bill or issue.

Also appears as: hearings, public hearing, public hearings

Source: Oregon State Legislature: Legislative Glossary (opens in a new tab) (oregonlegislature.gov)

Home rule

The power a state gives a city or county to govern its own local affairs without asking the state for permission on each issue.

Also appears as: home-rule

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: Home rule (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

Homestead exemption

A property tax break on a person's main home, which lowers the home's taxable value.

Also appears as: homestead exemptions, homestead

Source: Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts: Property tax exemptions (opens in a new tab) (comptroller.texas.gov)

I

Immunity

Legal protection from being sued, prosecuted, or held responsible in certain situations.

Also appears as: immune from liability, civil immunity, immunity from liability, immunity from civil liability

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: Immunity (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

Income tax

A tax based on the money a person or business earns.

Also appears as: income taxes, personal income tax, corporate income tax

Source: U.S. Census Bureau: Government Finances Glossary (opens in a new tab) (census.gov)

Infraction

A minor violation, such as most traffic tickets, usually punished only by a fine.

Also appears as: infractions, civil infraction, civil infractions

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: Infraction (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

Infrastructure

The basic physical systems a community depends on, such as roads, bridges, water and sewer lines, power lines, and broadband.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau: Government Finances Glossary (opens in a new tab) (census.gov)

Inheritance tax

A tax paid by a person who inherits money or property from someone who has died. Only a few states have one.

Also appears as: inheritance taxes

Source: U.S. Census Bureau: Government Finances Glossary (opens in a new tab) (census.gov)

Initiative

A way for citizens to propose a new law or constitutional amendment by gathering enough signatures to put it on the ballot or before the legislature.

Also appears as: initiatives, ballot initiative, ballot initiatives, citizen initiative, initiative measure, initiative petition, Initiative Measure, initiative to the legislature, initiative to the people, initiative petitions

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Intergovernmental

Involving two or more governments, such as an agreement between a city and a county to share a service.

Also appears as: intergovernmental agreement, interlocal agreement, interlocal agreements

Source: U.S. Census Bureau: Government Finances Glossary (opens in a new tab) (census.gov)

Interim committee

A committee that meets between legislative sessions to study issues.

Also appears as: interim committees

Source: Oregon State Legislature: Legislative Glossary (opens in a new tab) (oregonlegislature.gov)

Investment in local communities

Public or private money spent to improve a specific town, neighborhood, or region, such as housing, roads, small businesses, or public buildings.

The phrase is general. A bill that uses it should say which programs, places, and dollar amounts are involved; those details are in the bill text.

Also appears as: investments in local communities, community investment, community investments, local community investment

Source: U.S. Treasury CDFI Fund: About (opens in a new tab) (cdfifund.gov)

J

Joint committee

A committee made up of members of both the House and Senate.

Also appears as: joint committees

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Joint resolution

A measure passed by both chambers. In many states it is used to propose constitutional amendments; in Congress it can become law like a bill.

Also appears as: joint resolutions, house joint resolution, senate joint resolution

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

L

Levy

A tax that a government imposes, or the total amount of property tax a local government plans to collect.

Voters sometimes approve a 'levy' at an election, which lets a school district or local government collect a set amount of property tax for a set time.

Also appears as: levies, tax levy, tax levies, mill levy, levied, levying

Source: Texas Legislative Council: Texas Legislative Glossary (PDF) (opens in a new tab) (tlc.texas.gov)

Liability

Legal responsibility for something, such as paying for harm or damages.

Also appears as: civil liability

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: Liability (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

License

Official permission from the government to do something, such as practice a profession, run a business, or drive.

Also appears as: licenses, licensure, licensing, licensed

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: License (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

Line-item veto

The power some governors have to reject parts of a bill, often spending items, while signing the rest.

Also appears as: line item veto, partial veto, item veto, line-item vetoes

Source: U.S. Senate: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (senate.gov)

Lobbying

Trying to influence lawmakers or officials on behalf of a person or group. Many lobbyists must register and report their activity.

Also appears as: lobbyist, lobbyists, lobby

Source: U.S. House of Representatives: Lobbying Disclosure (opens in a new tab) (lobbyingdisclosure.house.gov)

M

Mandate

A legal requirement, often one that one level of government places on another, or on people or businesses.

Also appears as: mandates

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: Mandate (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

Mandatory spending

Government spending set by existing laws rather than by yearly budget votes, such as Social Security and Medicare.

Also appears as: direct spending

Source: U.S. GAO: A Glossary of Terms Used in the Federal Budget Process (PDF) (opens in a new tab) (appropriations.senate.gov)

Matching funds

Money a grant recipient must put up, alongside the grant money, to pay part of a project's cost.

Also appears as: matching fund, cost sharing, matching grant, matching grants

Source: Grants.gov: Grant terminology (opens in a new tab) (grants.gov)

Medicaid

A public health coverage program for people with low incomes and some people with disabilities, run by states with federal funding.

Source: Medicaid.gov: Medicaid (opens in a new tab) (medicaid.gov)

Medicare

The federal health insurance program for people 65 and older and some younger people with disabilities.

Source: Medicare.gov: Get started with Medicare (opens in a new tab) (medicare.gov)

Memorial

A formal message from a legislature asking Congress, the President, or another body to take an action.

Also appears as: memorials, joint memorial, joint memorials

Source: Oregon State Legislature: Legislative Glossary (opens in a new tab) (oregonlegislature.gov)

Minimum wage

The lowest hourly pay employers are legally allowed to pay most workers.

Also appears as: minimum wages

Source: U.S. Department of Labor: Minimum wage (opens in a new tab) (dol.gov)

Misdemeanor

A less serious crime than a felony, usually punished by a fine or up to a year in jail.

Also appears as: misdemeanors, gross misdemeanor, gross misdemeanors

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: Misdemeanor (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

Moratorium

A temporary pause or ban on an activity, set by law or rule.

Also appears as: moratoria, moratoriums

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: Moratorium (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

Municipality

A city, town, or village that has its own local government.

Also appears as: municipalities

Source: U.S. Census Bureau: Government Finances Glossary (opens in a new tab) (census.gov)

O

Omnibus bill

A large bill that combines many different subjects or spending measures into one package.

Also appears as: omnibus, omnibus appropriations

Source: Texas Legislative Council: Texas Legislative Glossary (PDF) (opens in a new tab) (tlc.texas.gov)

Operating budget

The part of a government budget that pays for day-to-day costs such as salaries, services, and supplies.

Also appears as: operating budgets

Source: Michigan State Budget Office: Glossary of Terms (opens in a new tab) (michigan.gov)

Opportunity zone

An area, often low-income, where people who invest can get federal tax benefits.

Also appears as: opportunity zones

Source: IRS: Opportunity zones (opens in a new tab) (irs.gov)

Ordinance

A law passed by a city or county government.

Also appears as: ordinances

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: Ordinance (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

Outlay

Money actually paid out by a government during a period.

Also appears as: outlays

Source: U.S. GAO: A Glossary of Terms Used in the Federal Budget Process (PDF) (opens in a new tab) (appropriations.senate.gov)

Oversight

Lawmakers' review of how government agencies spend money and carry out laws.

Source: U.S. Senate: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (senate.gov)

P

Payroll tax

A tax based on wages, often taken out of paychecks or paid by employers, such as Social Security and Medicare taxes.

Also appears as: payroll taxes, employment tax, employment taxes

Source: IRS: Employment taxes (opens in a new tab) (irs.gov)

Pension

A retirement plan that pays former employees regular income, such as plans for public employees.

Also appears as: pensions, retirement system, retirement systems, pension plan, pension plans

Source: U.S. Census Bureau: Government Finances Glossary (opens in a new tab) (census.gov)

Pocket veto

When a bill does not become law because the chief executive does not sign it and the legislature has adjourned.

Source: U.S. Senate: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (senate.gov)

Police power

A state's broad power to make laws protecting public health, safety, and welfare.

Also appears as: police powers

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: Police powers (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

Political subdivision

A local unit of government created under state law, such as a county, city, school district, or special district.

Also appears as: political subdivisions

Source: Texas Legislative Council: Texas Legislative Glossary (PDF) (opens in a new tab) (tlc.texas.gov)

Preemption

When a higher level of government's law overrides or blocks a lower level's law, such as a state law that stops cities from passing their own rules on a topic.

Also appears as: preempt, preempts, preempted, preempting, pre-emption, preemptive

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: Preemption (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

Proclamation

A formal public announcement by a governor or president, such as declaring an emergency or an observance.

Also appears as: proclamations

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Property tax

A tax on land, buildings, and sometimes other property, based on its assessed value. It mostly pays for local services like schools.

Also appears as: property taxes, real property tax, ad valorem tax, ad valorem taxes

Source: Washington State Department of Revenue: Property tax (opens in a new tab) (dor.wa.gov)

Public records

Government documents and data that the public has a legal right to see, with some exceptions.

Also appears as: public record, open records, freedom of information, FOIA

Source: FOIA.gov: About FOIA (opens in a new tab) (foia.gov)

Public-private partnership

An agreement in which a government and a private company work together on a public project, sharing costs, risks, or management.

Also appears as: public-private partnerships, P3

Source: Federal Highway Administration: Public-private partnerships (opens in a new tab) (fhwa.dot.gov)

Q

Quorum

The minimum number of members who must be present for a chamber or committee to do business.

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

R

Rainy day fund

A savings account a state sets aside in good years to use during an economic downturn or emergency.

Also appears as: rainy day funds, budget stabilization fund, budget stabilization account, economic stabilization fund, budget reserve, budget reserves

Source: Louisiana House Fiscal Division: Common Budget Terms (PDF) (opens in a new tab) (house.louisiana.gov)

Reappropriation

Permission to spend money in a new budget period that was approved earlier but not yet spent.

Also appears as: reappropriations, reappropriate

Source: U.S. GAO: A Glossary of Terms Used in the Federal Budget Process (PDF) (opens in a new tab) (appropriations.senate.gov)

Reauthorization

Renewing a program whose legal authority is ending or has ended, often with changes.

Also appears as: reauthorizations, reauthorize, reauthorizes, reauthorizing

Source: U.S. GAO: A Glossary of Terms Used in the Federal Budget Process (PDF) (opens in a new tab) (appropriations.senate.gov)

Recall

A process that lets voters remove an elected official from office before the end of their term.

Also appears as: recall election, recall elections, recall petition

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Reconciliation

A special process Congress can use to pass certain tax, spending, and debt-limit changes with limits on debate in the Senate.

Also appears as: budget reconciliation, reconciliation bill

Source: U.S. Senate: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (senate.gov)

Redistricting

Redrawing the boundaries of election districts, usually after each U.S. census.

Also appears as: redistrict, redistricting plan, redistricting commission

Source: U.S. Census Bureau: Redistricting Data Program (opens in a new tab) (census.gov)

Referendum

A vote of the people on a law passed by the legislature, either sent by lawmakers or forced by a citizen petition.

Also appears as: referenda, referendums, referendum measure, referendum bill

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Referral

Sending a bill to a committee to be studied, or sending a measure to voters to decide.

Also appears as: referred to committee

Source: Oregon State Legislature: Legislative Glossary (opens in a new tab) (oregonlegislature.gov)

Regular session

The scheduled period each year (or every two years) when a legislature meets to pass laws.

Also appears as: regular sessions

Source: Oregon State Legislature: Legislative Glossary (opens in a new tab) (oregonlegislature.gov)

Regulation

A detailed rule written by a government agency to carry out a law. It has the force of law.

Also appears as: regulations, administrative rule, administrative rules, agency rule, agency rules

Source: Oregon State Legislature: Legislative Glossary (opens in a new tab) (oregonlegislature.gov)

Repeal

To cancel an existing law so it no longer has effect.

Also appears as: repeals, repealing, repealed

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Resolution

A measure passed by one or both chambers that expresses an opinion or handles internal business. It usually does not become law.

Also appears as: resolutions, simple resolution

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Restitution

Money a person convicted of a crime is ordered to pay to the victim for harm or losses.

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: Restitution (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

Retroactive

Applying to events or time periods before the law was passed.

Also appears as: retroactively, retroactivity, retroactive application

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: Retroactive (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

Revenue

Money a government takes in, such as taxes, fees, fines, and federal funds.

Also appears as: revenues

Source: Michigan State Budget Office: Glossary of Terms (opens in a new tab) (michigan.gov)

Revenue bond

A government bond repaid only from income from a specific project, such as tolls or water bills.

Also appears as: revenue bonds

Source: U.S. Census Bureau: Government Finances Glossary (opens in a new tab) (census.gov)

Revolving fund

A fund that makes loans or pays for services and is refilled when the money is paid back, so it can be used again.

Also appears as: revolving funds, revolving loan fund, revolving loan funds

Source: U.S. GAO: A Glossary of Terms Used in the Federal Budget Process (PDF) (opens in a new tab) (appropriations.senate.gov)

Rider

An added provision in a bill, often one on a different subject than the main bill, such as a policy change attached to a spending bill.

Also appears as: riders, policy rider, policy riders, appropriations rider, appropriations riders

Source: U.S. Senate: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (senate.gov)

Rulemaking

The process a government agency follows to create, change, or repeal regulations, usually including public notice and a chance to comment.

Also appears as: rule-making, rule making

Source: Texas Legislative Council: Texas Legislative Glossary (PDF) (opens in a new tab) (tlc.texas.gov)

S

Sales and use tax

A pair of taxes: sales tax is charged at the time of purchase, and use tax covers taxable items bought without paying the sales tax.

States usually set the same rate for both, so a buyer pays about the same tax wherever the item was bought.

Also appears as: sales and use taxes

Source: Washington State Department of Revenue: Sales and use tax rates (opens in a new tab) (dor.wa.gov)

Sales tax

A tax added to the price of goods and some services when they are sold.

Also appears as: sales taxes, retail sales tax

Source: U.S. Census Bureau: Government Finances Glossary (opens in a new tab) (census.gov)

Second reading

The stage when a bill is considered by the full chamber and amendments may be offered.

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Session law

A law as it was passed during a particular legislative session, before it is merged into the state code.

Also appears as: session laws, chapter law, chaptered

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Severability clause

A part of a law saying that if a court strikes down one section, the rest of the law still stands.

Also appears as: severability, severable

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: Severability clause (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

Severance tax

A tax on taking natural resources out of the ground, such as oil, gas, coal, or minerals.

Also appears as: severance taxes

Source: U.S. Census Bureau: Government Finances Glossary (opens in a new tab) (census.gov)

Sine die

Latin for 'without a day.' It means the legislature has ended its session with no set date to meet again.

Also appears as: adjourn sine die, adjournment sine die

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

SNAP

A federal program, run by states, that helps people with low incomes buy food.

Also appears as: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, food stamps

Source: USDA: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) (opens in a new tab) (fna.usda.gov)

Sovereign immunity

The legal rule that a government cannot be sued without its consent.

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: Sovereign immunity (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

Special assessment

An extra charge on properties that benefit from a specific local project, like a new sidewalk or sewer line.

Also appears as: special assessments

Source: U.S. Census Bureau: Government Finances Glossary (opens in a new tab) (census.gov)

Special district

A local government created for one specific job, such as fire protection, water, ports, or hospitals.

Also appears as: special districts, special purpose district, special purpose districts

Source: U.S. Census Bureau: Government Finances Glossary (opens in a new tab) (census.gov)

Special fund

An account that holds money set aside by law for a particular purpose, such as road repair or wildlife programs.

Also appears as: special funds, dedicated fund, dedicated account

Source: U.S. GAO: A Glossary of Terms Used in the Federal Budget Process (PDF) (opens in a new tab) (appropriations.senate.gov)

Special session

An extra meeting of the legislature outside its regular schedule, usually called for specific issues.

Also appears as: special sessions, extraordinary session, extraordinary sessions

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Sponsor

The lawmaker who introduces a bill and is its main supporter.

Also appears as: sponsors, prime sponsor, primary sponsor

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Statute

A written law passed by a legislature.

Also appears as: statutes

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: Statute (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

Subpoena

A legal order requiring a person to testify or turn over documents.

Also appears as: subpoenas, subpoenaed

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: Subpoena (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

Subsidy

Government money or support that lowers the cost of something for a person, business, or group.

Also appears as: subsidies, subsidize, subsidized

Source: U.S. GAO: A Glossary of Terms Used in the Federal Budget Process (PDF) (opens in a new tab) (appropriations.senate.gov)

Sunset clause

A part of a law that makes it end on a set date unless lawmakers vote to extend it.

Also appears as: sunset clauses, sunset provision, sunset provisions, sunset date, sunset, sunsets

Source: Oregon State Legislature: Legislative Glossary (opens in a new tab) (oregonlegislature.gov)

Sunset review

A scheduled review of a government agency or program to decide whether it should continue, change, or end.

Also appears as: sunset reviews

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Supplemental appropriation

Extra money, or changes to the budget, approved after the main budget has already passed, often for needs that came up during the year.

Also appears as: supplemental appropriations, supplemental budget, supplemental budgets

Source: U.S. Senate: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (senate.gov)

Surplus

When a government takes in more money than it spends during a budget period.

Also appears as: surpluses, budget surplus, revenue surplus, general fund surplus, surplus revenue, surplus revenues, state surplus

Source: Michigan State Budget Office: Glossary of Terms (opens in a new tab) (michigan.gov)

T

TANF

A federal block grant that states use to provide cash help and services to families with children who have low incomes.

Also appears as: Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

Source: U.S. HHS Administration for Children and Families: TANF (opens in a new tab) (acf.gov)

Tariff

A tax on goods brought into a country from another country.

Also appears as: tariffs

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: Tariff (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

Task force

A temporary group created to study an issue and report back with findings or recommendations.

Also appears as: task forces, work group, workgroup, working group

Source: Oregon State Legislature: Legislative Glossary (opens in a new tab) (oregonlegislature.gov)

Tax

Money people or businesses must pay to a government to pay for public services.

Also appears as: taxes

Source: Michigan State Budget Office: Glossary of Terms (opens in a new tab) (michigan.gov)

Tax base

The total amount of income, sales, or property that a tax can be applied to.

Also appears as: tax bases

Source: U.S. GAO: A Glossary of Terms Used in the Federal Budget Process (PDF) (opens in a new tab) (appropriations.senate.gov)

Tax credit

An amount subtracted directly from the tax a person or business owes, dollar for dollar.

Some credits are 'refundable,' meaning a person can get money back even if the credit is more than the tax they owe.

Also appears as: tax credits, refundable credit, refundable tax credit, nonrefundable credit

Source: IRS: Credits and deductions for individuals (opens in a new tab) (irs.gov)

Tax expenditure

Revenue a government gives up through tax breaks such as credits, deductions, or exemptions.

Tax expenditures are reported so lawmakers can compare the cost of tax breaks with direct spending.

Also appears as: tax expenditures, tax preference, tax preferences

Source: Michigan State Budget Office: Glossary of Terms (opens in a new tab) (michigan.gov)

Tax increment financing

A way to pay for development in a set area using the extra property tax that comes in as property values in that area rise.

Also appears as: tax increment, tax increment district, tax increment districts, tax increment financing district, TIF

Source: Minnesota Office of the State Auditor: What is tax increment financing (TIF)? (opens in a new tab) (osa.state.mn.us)

Tax policy

The choices a government makes about what to tax, at what rates, who pays, and which exceptions apply.

A bill described as tax policy may create, raise, lower, or end a tax, or change who qualifies for a credit, deduction, or exemption. The bill text and its fiscal note show the specific changes.

Also appears as: tax policies

Source: U.S. Department of the Treasury: Office of Tax Policy (opens in a new tab) (home.treasury.gov)

Tax rate

The percentage or amount used to calculate how much tax is owed.

Also appears as: tax rates

Source: U.S. GAO: A Glossary of Terms Used in the Federal Budget Process (PDF) (opens in a new tab) (appropriations.senate.gov)

Tax-exempt organization

A nonprofit group, such as a charity, that does not have to pay federal income tax on money it uses for its mission.

Also appears as: tax-exempt organizations, 501(c)(3)

Source: IRS: Exempt organization types (opens in a new tab) (irs.gov)

Testimony

Statements, spoken or written, given to a committee about a bill.

Source: Oregon State Legislature: Legislative Glossary (opens in a new tab) (oregonlegislature.gov)

Third reading

The final stage in a chamber, when members debate and vote on whether to pass the bill.

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Tobacco tax

An excise tax on cigarettes and other tobacco or nicotine products.

Also appears as: tobacco taxes, cigarette tax, cigarette taxes

Source: U.S. Census Bureau: Government Finances Glossary (opens in a new tab) (census.gov)

Tort

A wrong that causes harm to someone and can lead to a lawsuit for money damages, such as negligence.

Also appears as: torts

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: Tort (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

Trust fund

An account that holds money the law says must be used for a specific purpose or group of people, such as retirement or highway funds.

Also appears as: trust funds

Source: U.S. GAO: A Glossary of Terms Used in the Federal Budget Process (PDF) (opens in a new tab) (appropriations.senate.gov)

U

Unemployment insurance

A program, run by each state, that pays temporary benefits to workers who lose their jobs through no fault of their own.

Also appears as: unemployment compensation, unemployment benefits

Source: U.S. Department of Labor: Unemployment insurance (opens in a new tab) (dol.gov)

Unfunded mandate

A requirement placed on a state or local government without money to pay for it.

Also appears as: unfunded mandates

Source: Oregon State Legislature: Legislative Glossary (opens in a new tab) (oregonlegislature.gov)

Use tax

A tax on items used in a state when sales tax was not paid on them, such as some out-of-state or online purchases.

Also appears as: use taxes

Source: Washington State Department of Revenue: Use tax (opens in a new tab) (dor.wa.gov)

V

Veto

When the governor or president rejects a bill passed by the legislature, so it does not become law unless lawmakers override.

Also appears as: vetoes, vetoed, vetoing

Source: U.S. Senate: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (senate.gov)

Veto override

A vote by the legislature to make a bill law even though it was vetoed, usually requiring a two-thirds majority.

Also appears as: override a veto, veto overrides, override the veto, overrides the veto

Source: Texas Legislative Council: Texas Legislative Glossary (PDF) (opens in a new tab) (tlc.texas.gov)

Voter registration

Signing up with election officials so you are eligible to vote.

Also appears as: register to vote, registered voter, registered voters

Source: U.S. Election Assistance Commission: Register and vote in your state (opens in a new tab) (eac.gov)

W

Ways and means

In many legislatures and in the U.S. House, the committee in charge of taxes and, in some places, the budget.

Also appears as: ways and means committee

Source: Washington State Legislature: Glossary (opens in a new tab) (leg.wa.gov)

Workers' compensation

Insurance that pays medical costs and lost wages for workers hurt or made sick on the job.

Also appears as: workers compensation, workers’ compensation, worker's compensation, workers' comp

Source: U.S. Department of Labor: Workers' compensation (opens in a new tab) (dol.gov)

Z

Zoning

Local rules that control how land in different areas can be used, such as for homes, businesses, or industry.

Also appears as: zoning ordinance, zoning ordinances, rezone, rezoning, zoned

Source: Cornell Law School LII Wex: Zoning (opens in a new tab) (law.cornell.edu)

Federal laws and programs

Affordable Care Act

A federal health care law enacted in March 2010 (Public Law 111-148). It set rules for health insurance plans, created health insurance marketplaces, and gave states the option to expand Medicaid.

Also appears as: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): Public Law 111-148 (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

Age Discrimination in Employment Act

A federal law enacted in 1967 that protects job applicants and employees aged 40 and older from discrimination based on age.

Also appears as: Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, ADEA

Official source: U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (opens in a new tab) (eeoc.gov)

American Rescue Plan Act of 2021

A federal COVID-19 relief law enacted in March 2021 (Public Law 117-2). It provided money for individuals, businesses, schools, and state and local governments.

Also appears as: American Rescue Plan Act, American Rescue Plan

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): Public Law 117-2 (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

Americans with Disabilities Act

A federal civil rights law enacted in July 1990 that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in jobs, public services, public accommodations, transportation, and telecommunications.

Also appears as: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

Official source: ADA.gov (U.S. Department of Justice) (opens in a new tab) (ada.gov)

CARES Act

A federal COVID-19 relief law enacted in March 2020 (Public Law 116-136). It provided money for individuals, businesses, hospitals, and state and local governments.

Also appears as: Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): Public Law 116-136 (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

Children's Health Insurance Program

A federal and state program, created in 1997, that provides health coverage to children in families that earn too much to qualify for Medicaid but cannot afford private coverage.

Also appears as: CHIP, State Children's Health Insurance Program

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): 42 U.S.C. 1397aa (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

CHIPS and Science Act

A federal law enacted in August 2022 (Public Law 117-167) that funds semiconductor manufacturing in the United States and scientific research.

Also appears as: CHIPS Act

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): Public Law 117-167 (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

Civil Rights Act of 1964

A federal law enacted in July 1964 that prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in places such as public accommodations, employment, and programs that receive federal money.

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): 78 Stat. 241 (Public Law 88-352) (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

Clean Air Act

The main federal law on air pollution. Its current framework was enacted in 1970; it lets the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency set air quality standards and limits on emissions.

Official source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (opens in a new tab) (epa.gov)

Clean Water Act

The main federal law on water pollution. Its current framework was enacted in 1972; it regulates the discharge of pollutants into lakes, rivers, streams, and other waters of the United States.

Also appears as: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

Official source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (opens in a new tab) (epa.gov)

Coastal Zone Management Act

A federal law enacted in 1972 that supports state programs to manage coastal areas, run as a partnership between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and coastal states.

Also appears as: Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972

Official source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (opens in a new tab) (coast.noaa.gov)

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

The federal "Superfund" law, enacted in 1980. It lets the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency clean up sites contaminated with hazardous substances and seek payment from the parties responsible.

Also appears as: CERCLA

Official source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (opens in a new tab) (epa.gov)

Controlled Substances Act

The main federal drug law, enacted in 1970. It sorts drugs into five "schedules" based on medical use and potential for abuse, and sets federal rules for making, prescribing, and possessing them.

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): 21 U.S.C. 801 and following (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

Davis-Bacon Act

A federal law enacted in 1931 that requires contractors on federally funded construction projects to pay workers at least the locally prevailing wages and fringe benefits.

Also appears as: Davis-Bacon

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): 40 U.S.C. 3141 (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

Elementary and Secondary Education Act

The main federal law on K-12 education, enacted in 1965. It funds programs such as Title I aid for schools serving children from low-income families; it was most recently reauthorized in 2015.

Also appears as: Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): 20 U.S.C. 6301 (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

Employee Retirement Income Security Act

A federal law enacted in 1974 that sets minimum standards for most retirement and health plans offered by private employers.

Also appears as: ERISA, Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): 29 U.S.C. 1001 (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

Endangered Species Act

A federal law enacted in 1973 to protect plants and animals listed as threatened or endangered, and the habitats they depend on.

Also appears as: Endangered Species Act of 1973

Official source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (opens in a new tab) (fws.gov)

Every Student Succeeds Act

A federal law enacted in December 2015 (Public Law 114-95) that reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, the main federal K-12 education law.

Also appears as: ESSA

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): Public Law 114-95 (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

Fair Credit Reporting Act

A federal law enacted in 1970 that regulates how consumer reporting agencies collect, share, and correct information in credit reports.

Also appears as: FCRA

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): 15 U.S.C. 1681 (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

Fair Housing Act

A federal law enacted in 1968 that prohibits discrimination in renting, buying, or financing housing based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, familial status, or disability.

Official source: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (opens in a new tab) (hud.gov)

Fair Labor Standards Act

A federal law enacted in 1938 that sets the federal minimum wage, overtime pay, recordkeeping, and child labor rules for many workers.

Also appears as: Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, FLSA

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): 29 U.S.C. 201 (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

Family and Medical Leave Act

A federal law enacted in 1993 that lets eligible employees take up to 12 weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave a year for certain family and medical reasons.

Also appears as: Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, FMLA

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): 29 U.S.C. 2601 (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act

A federal law enacted in 1974 that protects the privacy of student education records and gives parents, and students once they turn 18, the right to see them.

Also appears as: FERPA

Official source: U.S. Department of Education, Student Privacy Policy Office (opens in a new tab) (studentprivacy.ed.gov)

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

A federal law enacted in 1938 that gives the U.S. Food and Drug Administration authority over the safety of food, drugs, medical devices, and cosmetics.

Also appears as: Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act

Official source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration (opens in a new tab) (fda.gov)

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

A federal law, first enacted in 1947, that requires pesticides sold or used in the United States to be registered with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and labeled.

Also appears as: FIFRA

Official source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (opens in a new tab) (epa.gov)

GI Bill

The name for federal education benefits for service members and veterans, first enacted in 1944. The current main program, the Post-9/11 GI Bill, was enacted in 2008.

Also appears as: G.I. Bill, Post-9/11 GI Bill, Post-9/11 G.I. Bill

Official source: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (opens in a new tab) (va.gov)

Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act

A federal law enacted in 1999 (Public Law 106-102) that changed rules for banks and other financial companies, including how they must explain and protect their customers' personal information.

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): Public Law 106-102 (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

Head Start

A federal program, started in 1965, that funds early learning, health, and family services for young children from low-income families. It is now governed by the Head Start Act.

Also appears as: Head Start program, Early Head Start

Official source: Office of Head Start (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services) (opens in a new tab) (acf.hhs.gov)

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

A federal law enacted in 1996 (Public Law 104-191). It led to national privacy and security standards for health information and rules on keeping health coverage when changing jobs.

Also appears as: HIPAA

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): Public Law 104-191 (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

Help America Vote Act

A federal election law enacted in 2002. It set requirements for voting systems, provisional ballots, and statewide voter registration lists, and created the U.S. Election Assistance Commission.

Also appears as: Help America Vote Act of 2002, HAVA

Official source: U.S. Election Assistance Commission (opens in a new tab) (eac.gov)

Higher Education Act

A federal law enacted in 1965 that governs most federal support for colleges and students, including federal student grants and loans. Congress has amended and extended it many times.

Also appears as: Higher Education Act of 1965

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): Higher Education Act of 1965 (as amended) (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

Immigration and Nationality Act

The main body of federal immigration and citizenship law, first enacted in 1952 and amended many times since.

Official source: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (opens in a new tab) (uscis.gov)

Indian Child Welfare Act

A federal law enacted in 1978 that sets standards for child custody proceedings, such as foster care and adoption, involving American Indian and Alaska Native children.

Also appears as: ICWA

Official source: Bureau of Indian Affairs (opens in a new tab) (bia.gov)

Indian Gaming Regulatory Act

A federal law enacted in 1988 that sets the framework for gaming on Indian lands, including compacts between tribes and states for casino-style gaming.

Also appears as: Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988

Official source: National Indian Gaming Commission (opens in a new tab) (nigc.gov)

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

A federal law, first enacted in 1975, that requires public schools to provide children with disabilities a free appropriate public education, including special education and related services.

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): 20 U.S.C. 1400 (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

Inflation Reduction Act

A federal law enacted in August 2022 (Public Law 117-169) with provisions on energy and climate, health care costs including Medicare drug prices, and taxes.

Also appears as: Inflation Reduction Act of 2022

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): Public Law 117-169 (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act

A federal law enacted in November 2021 (Public Law 117-58) that funds roads, bridges, public transit, rail, water systems, broadband internet, and other infrastructure.

Also appears as: Bipartisan Infrastructure Law

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): Public Law 117-58 (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

Internal Revenue Code

The body of federal tax law, found in Title 26 of the United States Code. The current version is the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, which Congress amends often; many state tax laws refer to it.

Also appears as: federal Internal Revenue Code

Official source: Internal Revenue Service (opens in a new tab) (irs.gov)

Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act

A federal law enacted in 2008. Health plans that cover mental health or substance use disorder care generally cannot set limits on it that are stricter than those for medical and surgical care.

Also appears as: MHPAEA

Official source: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (opens in a new tab) (cms.gov)

National Environmental Policy Act

A federal law signed on January 1, 1970, that requires federal agencies to study the environmental effects of major projects and decisions before acting.

Also appears as: NEPA

Official source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (opens in a new tab) (epa.gov)

National Labor Relations Act

A federal law enacted in 1935 that protects the rights of most private-sector employees to organize, join unions, and bargain collectively. It created the National Labor Relations Board.

Also appears as: NLRA

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): 29 U.S.C. 151 (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

National Voter Registration Act

A federal law enacted in 1993 (often called "motor voter") that requires states to offer voter registration at motor vehicle and public assistance offices and sets rules for keeping voter lists up to date.

Also appears as: National Voter Registration Act of 1993, NVRA, Motor Voter Act

Official source: U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division (opens in a new tab) (justice.gov)

Occupational Safety and Health Act

A federal law enacted in December 1970 that sets workplace safety and health standards for most private employers. It created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).

Also appears as: Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, OSH Act

Official source: Occupational Safety and Health Administration (opens in a new tab) (osha.gov)

Older Americans Act

A federal law enacted in 1965 that funds services for older adults, such as meals, transportation, caregiver support, and help living at home.

Official source: Administration for Community Living (opens in a new tab) (acl.gov)

One Big Beautiful Bill Act

The name commonly used for Public Law 119-21, a federal budget reconciliation law enacted on July 4, 2025. It changed federal tax law and programs including Medicaid and SNAP.

Also appears as: One Big Beautiful Bill

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): Public Law 119-21 (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

Perkins Act

The Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Act, the main federal law funding career and technical education, first enacted in 1984. Its current version, known as Perkins V, was enacted in 2018.

Also appears as: Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Act, Perkins V, Strengthening Career and Technical Education for the 21st Century Act

Official source: U.S. Department of Education (opens in a new tab) (cte.ed.gov)

Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act

A federal energy law enacted in 1978 that, among other things, requires electric utilities to buy power from certain small power producers and cogeneration plants.

Also appears as: PURPA

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): 16 U.S.C. 2601 (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

REAL ID Act

A federal law enacted in 2005 that sets minimum security standards for state driver's licenses and ID cards accepted for some federal purposes, such as boarding commercial flights.

Also appears as: REAL ID Act of 2005, REAL ID

Official source: Transportation Security Administration (opens in a new tab) (dhs.gov)

Rehabilitation Act of 1973

A federal law enacted in 1973 that prohibits discrimination based on disability in federal programs and in programs that receive federal money (its Section 504), and funds job training services for people with disabilities.

Also appears as: Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): 29 U.S.C. 701 (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

Safe Drinking Water Act

A federal law enacted in 1974 that protects public drinking water. It lets the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency set standards that public water systems must meet.

Official source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (opens in a new tab) (epa.gov)

Section 8 housing vouchers

The federal Housing Choice Voucher program, which helps families with low incomes pay rent in private housing. It is named for Section 8 of the United States Housing Act of 1937, added in 1974.

Also appears as: Section 8 housing, Section 8 voucher, Section 8 vouchers, Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher, Section 8 Housing Choice Vouchers, Section 8 rental assistance, Section 8 program

Official source: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (opens in a new tab) (hud.gov)

Social Security Act

A federal law enacted in August 1935 that created Social Security retirement benefits. Later amendments added other programs to it, including disability benefits, Medicare, and Medicaid.

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): 42 U.S.C. chapter 7 (Social Security) (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

Stafford Act

The main federal disaster law, enacted in 1988. It sets how a governor can request a presidential disaster declaration and what federal aid, largely through FEMA, can follow.

Also appears as: Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): 42 U.S.C. 5121 (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

Supplemental Security Income

A federal program, created in 1972, that makes monthly payments to people with low income and few resources who are 65 or older, blind, or disabled.

Also appears as: SSI

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): 42 U.S.C. 1381 (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

Taiwan Relations Act

A federal law enacted in April 1979 that governs unofficial relations between the United States and Taiwan, including trade, cultural ties, and the sale of defensive arms.

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): 22 U.S.C. 3301 (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

Tax Cuts and Jobs Act

A federal tax law enacted in December 2017 (Public Law 115-97) that changed individual and business income tax rates, deductions, and credits.

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): Public Law 115-97 (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

Title IX

A part of a 1972 federal law that prohibits discrimination based on sex in education programs and activities that receive federal money.

Also appears as: Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): 20 U.S.C. 1681 (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

A part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that prohibits discrimination based on race, color, or national origin in programs and activities that receive federal money.

Official source: U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division (opens in a new tab) (justice.gov)

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

A part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Official source: U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (opens in a new tab) (eeoc.gov)

Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act

A federal law enacted in 1986 that protects the right of military members, their families, and U.S. citizens living abroad to vote absentee in federal elections.

Also appears as: UOCAVA

Official source: U.S. Code, 52 U.S.C. 20301 et seq. (GovInfo) (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

Voting Rights Act

A federal law enacted in August 1965 that prohibits voting practices and procedures that discriminate based on race, color, or membership in certain language minority groups.

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): 52 U.S.C. 10301 (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

WIC

A federal nutrition program, created by Congress in 1972, that provides healthy foods, nutrition education, and referrals to low-income pregnant women, new mothers, infants, and young children.

Also appears as: Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children

Official source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service (opens in a new tab) (fns.usda.gov)

Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act

A federal law enacted in 2014 that funds job training, adult education, and employment services, largely run through state and local workforce boards.

Also appears as: WIOA

Official source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office): 29 U.S.C. 3101 (opens in a new tab) (govinfo.gov)

The U.S. Constitution

U.S. Constitution

The supreme law of the United States, signed in 1787 and in effect since 1789. It sets up the federal government and, with its amendments, protects individual rights.

Also appears as: United States Constitution, Constitution of the United States, US Constitution, U.S. Const., federal constitution

Official source: National Archives: The Constitution of the United States (opens in a new tab) (archives.gov)

Article V of the U.S. Constitution

The part of the U.S. Constitution, in effect since 1789, that sets out how it can be amended: by two-thirds of both houses of Congress or a convention called by two-thirds of the states, with ratification by three-fourths of the states.

Also appears as: Article V of the United States Constitution, Article V of the Constitution of the United States, Article V of the US Constitution, Article V of US Constitution, United States Constitution, Article V

Official source: National Archives: The Constitution of the United States (opens in a new tab) (archives.gov)

First Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights, that protects freedom of religion, speech, the press, peaceful assembly, and petitioning the government.

Official source: National Archives: The Bill of Rights (opens in a new tab) (archives.gov)

Second Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights, that protects "the right of the people to keep and bear Arms."

Official source: National Archives: The Bill of Rights (opens in a new tab) (archives.gov)

Fourth Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights, that protects against unreasonable searches and seizures and sets requirements for warrants.

Official source: National Archives: The Bill of Rights (opens in a new tab) (archives.gov)

Fifth Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights. It includes the right not to be a witness against oneself, protection against being tried twice for the same offense, due process, and compensation when the government takes private property.

Official source: National Archives: The Bill of Rights (opens in a new tab) (archives.gov)

Sixth Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights, that gives people accused of crimes the right to a speedy, public jury trial and to a lawyer.

Official source: National Archives: The Bill of Rights (opens in a new tab) (archives.gov)

Eighth Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights, that prohibits excessive bail and fines and cruel and unusual punishment.

Official source: National Archives: The Bill of Rights (opens in a new tab) (archives.gov)

Tenth Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights. It says powers not given to the federal government, nor denied to the states, are reserved to the states or to the people.

Official source: National Archives: The Bill of Rights (opens in a new tab) (archives.gov)

Thirteenth Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1865, that abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

Official source: National Archives: Amendments 11-27 (opens in a new tab) (archives.gov)

Fourteenth Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1868. It defines citizenship and requires states to give all people due process and equal protection of the laws.

Official source: National Archives: Amendments 11-27 (opens in a new tab) (archives.gov)

Fifteenth Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1870, that prohibits denying the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Official source: National Archives: Amendments 11-27 (opens in a new tab) (archives.gov)

Sixteenth Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1913, that allows Congress to collect a federal income tax.

Official source: National Archives: Amendments 11-27 (opens in a new tab) (archives.gov)

Nineteenth Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1920, that prohibits denying the right to vote based on sex.

Official source: National Archives: Amendments 11-27 (opens in a new tab) (archives.gov)

Twenty-second Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1951, that limits a president to two elected terms.

Also appears as: Twenty-Second Amendment

Official source: National Archives: Amendments 11-27 (opens in a new tab) (archives.gov)

State laws and constitutions

Arizona Constitution (Arizona)

Arizona's state constitution, took effect at statehood in 1912. It is the state's highest law: it sets up the state government and lists the rights of its people, and state laws must follow it.

Also appears as: Constitution of Arizona, Constitution of the State of Arizona, Arizona State Constitution, Constitution of the state of Arizona

Official source: Arizona State Legislature (opens in a new tab) (azleg.gov)

California Environmental Quality Act (California)

A California law enacted in 1970 that requires state and local agencies to study and disclose the environmental effects of projects they carry out or approve, and to reduce significant effects where feasible.

Also appears as: CEQA

Official source: California Governor's Office of Land Use and Climate Innovation (opens in a new tab) (opr.ca.gov)

California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (California)

A California law enacted in 2006 (Assembly Bill 32) that set a statewide limit on greenhouse gas emissions and directed the California Air Resources Board to carry it out.

Also appears as: Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, AB 32

Official source: California Air Resources Board (opens in a new tab) (ww2.arb.ca.gov)

Political Reform Act of 1974 (California)

A California law approved by voters in 1974 (Proposition 9) that regulates campaign finance, lobbying, and conflicts of interest for public officials. It is administered by the Fair Political Practices Commission.

Also appears as: Political Reform Act

Official source: California Fair Political Practices Commission (opens in a new tab) (fppc.ca.gov)

Colorado Constitution (Colorado)

Colorado's state constitution, adopted in 1876. It is the state's highest law: it sets up the state government and lists the rights of its people, and state laws must follow it.

Also appears as: Constitution of Colorado, Constitution of the State of Colorado, Colorado State Constitution, Constitution of the state of Colorado

Official source: Colorado General Assembly (opens in a new tab) (leg.colorado.gov)

Delaware Constitution (Delaware)

Delaware's state constitution, adopted in 1897. It is the state's highest law: it sets up the state government and lists the rights of its people, and state laws must follow it.

Also appears as: Constitution of Delaware, Constitution of the State of Delaware, Delaware State Constitution, Constitution of the state of Delaware

Official source: Delaware Code Online (Delaware General Assembly) (opens in a new tab) (delcode.delaware.gov)

Florida Constitution (Florida)

Florida's state constitution, adopted in 1968. It is the state's highest law: it sets up the state government and lists the rights of its people, and state laws must follow it.

Also appears as: Constitution of Florida, Constitution of the State of Florida, Florida State Constitution, Constitution of the state of Florida

Official source: Online Sunshine (Florida Legislature) (opens in a new tab) (leg.state.fl.us)

Hawaii Constitution (Hawaii)

Hawaii's state constitution, ratified in 1950. It is the state's highest law: it sets up the state government and lists the rights of its people, and state laws must follow it.

Also appears as: Constitution of Hawaii, Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Hawaii State Constitution, Constitution of the state of Hawaii

Official source: Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau (opens in a new tab) (lrb.hawaii.gov)

Hawaiian Homes Commission Act (Hawaii)

A law passed by Congress in 1921 that set aside land in Hawaii for homesteading by Native Hawaiians. It became part of the Hawaii State Constitution at statehood and is administered by the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands.

Also appears as: Hawaiian Homes Commission Act, 1920

Official source: Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (opens in a new tab) (dhhl.hawaii.gov)

Idaho Constitution (Idaho)

Idaho's state constitution, adopted in 1889. It is the state's highest law: it sets up the state government and lists the rights of its people, and state laws must follow it.

Also appears as: Constitution of Idaho, Constitution of the State of Idaho, Idaho State Constitution, Constitution of the state of Idaho

Official source: Idaho Legislature (opens in a new tab) (legislature.idaho.gov)

Maryland Constitution (Maryland)

Maryland's state constitution, adopted in 1867. It is the state's highest law: it sets up the state government and lists the rights of its people, and state laws must follow it.

Also appears as: Constitution of Maryland, Constitution of the State of Maryland, Maryland State Constitution, Constitution of the state of Maryland

Official source: Maryland State Archives (Maryland Manual) (opens in a new tab) (msa.maryland.gov)

Massachusetts Constitution (Massachusetts)

Massachusetts's state constitution, adopted in 1780. It is the state's highest law: it sets up the state government and lists the rights of its people, and state laws must follow it.

Also appears as: Constitution of Massachusetts, Constitution of the State of Massachusetts, Massachusetts State Constitution, Constitution of the state of Massachusetts

Official source: Massachusetts Legislature (opens in a new tab) (malegislature.gov)

North Carolina Constitution (North Carolina)

North Carolina's state constitution, adopted in 1971. It is the state's highest law: it sets up the state government and lists the rights of its people, and state laws must follow it.

Also appears as: Constitution of North Carolina, Constitution of the State of North Carolina, North Carolina State Constitution, Constitution of the state of North Carolina

Official source: North Carolina General Assembly (opens in a new tab) (ncleg.gov)

Oklahoma Constitution (Oklahoma)

Oklahoma's state constitution, adopted at statehood in 1907. It is the state's highest law: it sets up the state government and lists the rights of its people, and state laws must follow it.

Also appears as: Constitution of Oklahoma, Constitution of the State of Oklahoma, Oklahoma State Constitution, Constitution of the state of Oklahoma

Official source: Oklahoma Legislature (opens in a new tab) (oklegislature.gov)

Oregon Constitution (Oregon)

Oregon's state constitution, adopted in 1857. It is the state's highest law: it sets up the state government and lists the rights of its people, and state laws must follow it.

Also appears as: Constitution of Oregon, Constitution of the State of Oregon, Oregon State Constitution, Constitution of the state of Oregon

Official source: Oregon State Legislature (opens in a new tab) (oregonlegislature.gov)

Pennsylvania Election Code (Pennsylvania)

Pennsylvania's main election law (Act 320 of 1937), covering voter registration rules, ballots, polling places, and how elections are run and counted. It has been amended many times.

Official source: Pennsylvania General Assembly (opens in a new tab) (palegis.us)

Public School Code of 1949 (Pennsylvania)

The main Pennsylvania law governing public schools (Act 14 of 1949), covering school districts, school boards, teachers, students, and state school funding. It has been amended many times.

Also appears as: Pennsylvania Public School Code, Public School Code

Official source: Pennsylvania General Assembly (opens in a new tab) (palegis.us)

Tax Reform Code of 1971 (Pennsylvania)

Pennsylvania's main state tax law (Act 2 of 1971), covering taxes such as the sales and use tax and the personal income tax. It has been amended many times.

Official source: Pennsylvania General Assembly (opens in a new tab) (palegis.us)

South Carolina Constitution (South Carolina)

South Carolina's state constitution, adopted in 1895. It is the state's highest law: it sets up the state government and lists the rights of its people, and state laws must follow it.

Also appears as: Constitution of South Carolina, Constitution of the State of South Carolina, South Carolina State Constitution, Constitution of the state of South Carolina

Official source: South Carolina Legislature (opens in a new tab) (scstatehouse.gov)

Tennessee Constitution (Tennessee)

Tennessee's state constitution, adopted in 1870. It is the state's highest law: it sets up the state government and lists the rights of its people, and state laws must follow it.

Also appears as: Constitution of Tennessee, Constitution of the State of Tennessee, Tennessee State Constitution, Constitution of the state of Tennessee

Official source: Tennessee Secretary of State (opens in a new tab) (sos.tn.gov)

Vermont Constitution (Vermont)

Vermont's state constitution, adopted in 1793. It is the state's highest law: it sets up the state government and lists the rights of its people, and state laws must follow it.

Also appears as: Constitution of Vermont, Constitution of the State of Vermont, Vermont State Constitution, Constitution of the state of Vermont

Official source: Vermont General Assembly (opens in a new tab) (legislature.vermont.gov)

Virginia Constitution (Virginia)

Virginia's state constitution, adopted in 1971. It is the state's highest law: it sets up the state government and lists the rights of its people, and state laws must follow it.

Also appears as: Constitution of Virginia, Constitution of the State of Virginia, Virginia State Constitution, Constitution of the state of Virginia

Official source: Virginia Law (Virginia General Assembly) (opens in a new tab) (law.lis.virginia.gov)

Virginia Consumer Protection Act (Virginia)

A Virginia law enacted in 1977 that prohibits listed fraudulent and deceptive practices by businesses in consumer transactions.

Official source: Virginia Law (Virginia General Assembly) (opens in a new tab) (law.lis.virginia.gov)

Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Virginia)

A Virginia law, first enacted in 1968, that gives the public the right to inspect and copy public records and to attend public meetings, with listed exceptions.

Also appears as: Virginia FOIA

Official source: Virginia Law (Virginia General Assembly) (opens in a new tab) (law.lis.virginia.gov)

Virginia Residential Landlord and Tenant Act (Virginia)

A Virginia law, first enacted in 1974, that sets the rights and duties of landlords and tenants in most residential rentals. It is now in Chapter 12 of Title 55.1 of the Code of Virginia.

Also appears as: Va. Residential Landlord and Tenant Act, Va. Residential Landlord & Tenant Act, Virginia Residential Landlord & Tenant Act

Official source: Virginia Law (Virginia General Assembly) (opens in a new tab) (law.lis.virginia.gov)

Wisconsin Constitution (Wisconsin)

Wisconsin's state constitution, adopted in 1848. It is the state's highest law: it sets up the state government and lists the rights of its people, and state laws must follow it.

Also appears as: Constitution of Wisconsin, Constitution of the State of Wisconsin, Wisconsin State Constitution, Constitution of the state of Wisconsin

Official source: Wisconsin State Legislature (opens in a new tab) (docs.legis.wisconsin.gov)

Wyoming Constitution (Wyoming)

Wyoming's state constitution, adopted in 1889 and in effect since statehood in 1890. It is the state's highest law: it sets up the state government and lists the rights of its people, and state laws must follow it.

Also appears as: Constitution of Wyoming, Constitution of the State of Wyoming, Wyoming State Constitution, Constitution of the state of Wyoming

Official source: Wyoming Legislature (Title 97, Wyoming Constitution) (opens in a new tab) (wyoleg.gov)